Investigating Environmental Racism
In Nova Scotia, minority and low-income communities are disproportionately located near degraded environments. An ongoing research project raises awareness of the issue, while also mobilizing affected residents to action.
When an activist working on environmental racism first met with Ingrid Waldron in 2012 and asked her to become involved with his efforts, Waldron was hesitant. A sociologist and assistant professor of nursing at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, she didn’t know much about environmental racism. The term describes settings where industrial polluters and environmental hazards – such as landfills, trash incinerators, or coal plants – are disproportionately placed near low-income or minority communities.
“I was hesitant to take on a project, as it wasn’t an interest of mine,” Waldron says. “But I thought about it more. It seemed challenging. It would be political, and there would be an opportunity to make real change in communities. Those things excited me.” The researcher decided to say yes.
Four years later, The ENRICH Project (Environmental Noxiousness, Racial Inequities, and Community Health) still consumes Waldron. As director, she leads a team of 14 community members, seven academic researchers, three research staff – including Dave Ron, the activist who got the whole project started – and 10 students, all determined to investigate and address environmental racism in African Nova Scotian and Mi’kmaw* communities.
An aerial view of the landfill in Lincolnville. Photo (CC BY-SA): Silver Donald Cameron
Cases of environmental racism have been documented around the world, with one of the first high-profile cases occurring in the 1980s in Warren County, North Carolina, when a hazardous waste landfill was constructed in the small, predominately African-American community. In many situations, inexpensive land combined with a community’s perceived lack of power to resist leads industry to build environmental hazards in such communities.
Using research to mobilize communities
“We’re looking at the issue from a research perspective, and using that research and data to mobilize communities to action,” Waldron says. The project’s activities range from a youth arts and education project to a series of workshops hosted in 2013 and 2014, to hear residents’ concerns and encourage action. A filmmaker documented those and created a film called In Whose Backyard?
In these workshops, Waldron and others on the team met with people in affected communities, including Lincolnville, an African Nova Scotian community settled by Black Loyalists in in 1784. Residents had many concerns about a landfill, opened less than one kilometre away in 1974, and a second one opened in 2006.
They reported high rates of certain illnesses, including cancer and diabetes, and voiced concerns about water contamination from leaking toxins in the soil, poor air quality, and an increase of bears, racoons, skunks and insects because of the garbage. Meanwhile, the community said its population was dwindling and its economic base faltering, as many young people were leaving.
The grievances addressed by Lincolnville’s residents are not unique, as research participants in North Preston, a primarily African community, and Membertou, a Mi’kmaw community, also spoke of high rates of illness. Further research is needed, the ENRICH team concluded, such as collecting statistics on rates of cancer and other illnesses in the community, and helping residents get independent testing of water and soil.
The next step was for Waldron to share what her group had learned, with health agencies, high schools, churches and media. She started to meet with various government departments to see what more could be done. “It wasn’t really going anywhere,” Waldron says of her many meetings. Some people she met with said they weren’t responsible, while others said they did not have the resources to do the work Waldron was requesting. “We reached an impasse.”
An act to address environmental racism
A fellow team member suggested a different approach: instead of reaching out to staff with various government agencies, to reach out to elected provincial politicians. That led Waldron to meet with Lenore Zann, member of the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia, who seemed enthusiastic about the project.
When Zann suggested the possibility of creating a private member’s bill (meaning the bill was to be introduced by Zann, a private member, not a minister), Waldron remembers feeling shocked by Zann’s offer and the possibilities it could uncover. The academic had not considered taking such a political approach to the issue.
Ultimately, Zann and Waldron collaborated to develop Bill 111: An Act to Address Environmental Racism. The first private member’s bill on this problem in Canada, it outlined the need for the government to establish a panel to consult with Mi’kmaw, African Nova Scotian and Acadian communities throughout the province,** giving residents an opportunity to share their concerns and collaborate with government on strategies and solutions for addressing environmental racism.
Despite impassioned efforts from Zann and ENRICH, the bill did not pass. Waldron attributes that failure to politics – Zann’s New Democratic Party holds just five seats in the provincial legislature, whereas the governing Liberal party holds 34 seats and the opposition Progressive Conservative party ten. “While that was disappointing, I’m very pleased it was debated,” Waldron says, adding that the creation of the bill attracted media attention and helped raise valuable awareness of the existence of environmental racism in Nova Scotia among both politicians and the general public.
The journey continues
To further this cause, Waldron is currently writing a book about environmental racism in Nova Scotia, set to be published in the fall of 2017. Earlier this year, the ENRICH group launched an interactive map, which plots examples of degraded environments and locations of African and Aboriginal communities.
Waldron acknowledges that some Nova Scotian communities affected by environmental racism seem tired and frustrated, and at times, she has certainly shared those feelings. Reflecting on the last four years, Waldron describes challenges, but she remains upbeat. “Whenever I feel that the project is maybe about to end, I meet someone who comes into my office and says, ‘what do you think about this?’” she says. “It’s taken me on a different journey and allowed me to learn things and do things that are not in my toolbox.”
While ENRICH has yet to see a bill on environmental racism passed, it has been able to contribute to more subtle improvements: Communities have been encouraged to address their situation collectively and to achieve objective documentation. A current ENRICH project for instance, in Lincolnville, involves teaching residents how to test their own water for contaminants. If that project is successful, Waldron says, it could be brought to other communities, too. “This is a real, tangible, community-capacity building aspect to the project that I think is important,” Waldron says. “People can see something is actually happening.”
* Also known as Mi’kmaq, these Aboriginal peoples were the first inhabitants of the Atlantic provinces of Canada. Today, there are 13 Mi’kmaw communities in Nova Scotia.
** According to the 2011 National Household Survey conducted by Statistics Canada (the most recent statistical information available), there are 20,790 African Nova Scotians living in the province, which has a total population of 906,175 people. On the same survey, 33,850 people were of Aboriginal identity.
Teaser photo credit: By Myat T. Aung – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0
