Introduction
An Energy Descent Action Plan (EDAP) is a local plan for dealing with Peak Oil. It goes well beyond issues of energy supply, to look at across-the-board creative adaptations in the realms of health, education, economy and much more. An EDAP is a way to think ahead, to plan in an integrated, multidisciplinary way, to provide direction to local government, decision makers, groups and individuals with an interest in making the place they live into a vibrant and viable community in a post-carbon era.
This document is a primer on EDAPs, designed to help spur on the process of creating them. Since the concept of an EDAP is inspired by looming Peak Oil, as well as the permaculture design system, and the inevitability of economic relocalisation — I’ve also included a brief introduction to these three topics. This is followed by information on Kinsale, the small Irish town where the first EDAP was written, an inspiring plan which has now been taken on board as official policy by the town council. Then a few musing on how to start the process of getting an EDAP off the ground here in Melbourne.
Context for the EDAP: Peak Oil
Oil has fuelled much of the massive population growth and the extraordinary achievements of the last 150 years. It is the single largest energy source of the world economy, the lifeblood of industrial society.
According to a growing number of experts, within the next handful of years the world will reach the ultimate peak in global oil production. After this point, production will begin its slow but terminal decline. ‘Peak Oil’, as this event has become widely known, represents an historical turning point, from an era of growth, to an era of contraction. Peak gas won’t be far behind.
The most widely respected Peak Oil models are being developed by Colin Campbell and the Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas (ASPO). They predict a peak of all oil and gas liquids around 2010. This ‘early peak’ projection has been supported by other researchers.
Most analysts who have carefully studied the problem agree that Peak Oil cannot be solved with ‘supply side’ solutions. Alternative energy sources simply can’t fill all of the gap that oil and gas will leave behind, at least not without decades of investment. Massive social changes look like a given. We have to learn to make do with less energy.
With less available fossil fuel, we’ll be forced to begin moving back towards living within the annual energy budget provided by the Sun. While renewables may help, ultimately this means discovering lifestyles less based around consumerism, and better integrated with natural processes and cycles. Given that the health of the planet is in a far worse state than when humankind embarked on the fossil fuel adventure, this is indeed a challenging prospect.
For more background on Peak Oil check out the Peak Oil Primer at Energy Bulletin.
Internalising the implications of all this can take a fair bit of reflection — and can sometimes result in a sense of despair.
However, a small but growing number of people are using Peak Oil as an opportunity to address broader social and ecological issues. Their best ideas are inspiring, creative and attractive visions of revitalised local economies, visions grounded by a connection to place and the people in it. Something sets these ideas apart from many earlier approaches to sustainability — it’s a palpable desperation to be realistic and viable, to involve everyone in the community, to capture the imagination, and to succeed.
Peak oil and permaculture
The phrase ‘energy descent‘ was first used by Australian permaculture co-orginator David Holmgren. He wrote in 2003 that “I use the term ‘descent’ as the least loaded word that honestly conveys the inevitable, radical reduction of material consumption and/or human numbers that will characterise the declining decades and centuries of fossil fuel abundance and availability.”
Okay, you say, but permaculture — that’s just a system of organic gardening, right?
In a short answer: no, well not really.
Permaculture is a “design system for sustainable human habitats that supply human needs in an environmentally enhancing way“. Permaculture is all about functional design — ways to maximise productivity and abundance, while minimising effort, by working with nature, rather than against it.
Permaculture can be applied to everything from settlement design, large scale farming, factory design, business practices, kitchen layout, housing, pretty much anything really. Permaculture designs are inspired by natural systems, and built on ethical principles — two things which actually contribute to their effectiveness.
While in affluent countries permaculture is often practised because of environmental concerns, or as a mere hobby, it has been stress tested in difficult conditions all around the globe, where people’s lives depend on successful use of scant resources. This includes in Cuba, when the country suffered a severe energy famine after the 1989 collapse of the Soviet Union. The collapse more than halved Cuba’s oil imports virtually overnight. The documentary The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil, explains how permaculturists were amongst those who helped transform Cuba through this difficult period into a functional, low energy society, where infant mortality and average lifespans are now as good as in the USA.
In a 2004 interview David explained the relationship between permaculture and Peak Oil:
In a world of decreasing energy, permaculture provides, I believe, the best available framework for redesigning the whole way we think, the way we act, and the way we design new strategies. It doesn’t mean to say that everyone’s going to have a chook tractor, a vegetable garden or some other permaculture technique. But the thinking behind permaculture is really based on this idea of reduced energy availability, and how you work with that in a creative way. That requires a complete overturning of a lot of our inherited culture.
Famed environmentalist David Suzuki has said “What permaculturists are doing is the most important activity that any group is doing on the planet.”
For more on permaculture try the following links:
- Permaculture Research Institute of Australia (check out the ‘Greening the Desert’ video)
- Permaculture International
- David Holmgren – Holmgren Design Services
For more on Cuban responses to their artificial ‘Peak Oil’ see:
- The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil article by Megan Quinn and associated documentary DVD.
Why relocalisation?
Relocalised economies aren’t an option – they are an invevitability. Oil supplies 95% of the world’s transport energy, so global trade will diminish and we will be left to rely on local resources and skills.
If we resist the transition, considering it a depressing step backwards, the process will be ugly and painful. Fueled by anger and confusion, we may look for someone or something to blame.
A positive vision can go a long way to making the transition enjoyable and dignified. Many public interest groups are already pushing for relocalisation because the many benefits it offers, with or without resource constraints.The benefits of relocalisation are as multifaceted as the problems presented by resource depletion and ecological crises:
- Healthier food
- More active lifestyles
- Greater self-reliance
- A sense of connection to place and products
- The re-emergence of local identity
- An emphasis on quality over quantity
- A means of overcoming addictive behaviours such as over-consumption
- A meaningful common goal and sense of purpose.
Imagine the feeling when that first tomato ripens in Summer. Imagine the pride you feel about the shed you and your friends built from mud and straw — to your eyes, it looks more stunning than any prefab from Bunnings.
Imagine the excitement of using your ingenuity to solve real problems: surveying the tools and resources available and mobilising them to repair, refurbish, rearrange and invent.
Imagine being able to go to bed — perhaps for the first time in our lives — with the sense of a job well done, knowing our livelihoods did not come at the expense of distant workers, polluted ecosystems, or our own children’s future.
Converging conclusions
We need to be urgently investing what remains of our cheap energy into long term infrastructure for an energy descent culture. So we need as much support as possible from policy makers.
When faced with Peak Oil, many people from vastly different backgrounds and political persuasions come to similar conclusions — that a ‘technofix’ is both unlikely and undesirable — that radical societal changes will have to take place, of which relocalisation is central. For example, see this recent quote from energy investment banker Matthew Simmons, former energy advisor to George Bush:
You can also hear veteran conservative US Congressman Roscoe Bartlett explain the importance of humus (the organic part of topsoil), to the US congress in a speech about Peak Oil.
When an issue relating to the global energy supply has everyone from permaculturists to republican politicians talking about the same type of solutions, we know that something is going on.
Given both the tangible fear of Peak Oil, as well as the potentially non-partisan nature of solutions, there seems to be some emerging opportunities for otherwise ‘unrealistic’ or ‘idealistic’ approaches to be both heard and rapidly deployed.
Enter the EDAP
One of the most useful visioning and policy guiding tools we have available to capture and direct these positive potentials may be the local Energy Descent Action Plan.
Essentially an EDAP is a local plan for dealing with the period leading up to and following Peak Oil. It is not a plan for how to live in a sustainable world. It is a plan for the transitional period of decreasing energy — how to get to that sustainable world. The first EDAP was written in 2005 by permaculture students at a further education college in the small Irish town of Kinsale.
The document broke down the issues which arose locally from peak oil into sections, such as health, education, transport, housing, youth and community, food and energy. Each chapter presented an attractive vision of the town in relation to that issue, followed by a timeline of steps on how the town might get there. 
The plan ‘Kinsale 2021: An Energy Descent Action Plan’ is available for download at www.FuellingTheFuture.org
It includes ideas like turning the town supermarket carpark into an eco-centre, new ecologically sensitive housing development legislation, permaculture studies as part of school curriculum, community gardens, a youth council, a community currency and trading network, and lots more.
As testimony to the way the plan, while visionary, retains a feeling of practicality, late last year the Kinsale town council officially adopted the plan.
Of course visioning and planning is just the begining, but it’s useful to reflect on how the authors of the Kinsale plan developed it and won widespead support.
Kinsale: So how did they do it?
You can read about it here, in editor Rob Hopkins’ ‘Lesson from Kinsale’ posts. Rob’s a great writer, so I highly recommend these:
Lesson One – Avoiding “Them and Us”
Lesson Two – Creating a sense that Something is Happening
Lesson Three – Creating a Vision of an Abundant Future
Lesson Four – Designing in Flexibility
Lesson Five – What Could Have Been Done Better
Also check out this article by Rob Hopkins from Permaculture Activist and interviews at Global Public Media of Rob and Catherine Dunne. Catherine is involved in Transition Design, an organisation set up to continue the work started with the Kinsale EDAP.
Rob’s blog Transition Culture is a great place to keep up with developments and inspiration and ideas on a number of fronts.
There are similar projects happening the world, some directly inspired by Kinsale. The efforts in Willits in California represents another successful approach. The Post Carbon Institute, a primarily North American organisation, has educational toolkits and other methods of supporting local groups working on Peak Oil education and relocalisation efforts, and have a couple of outposts in Australia.
Breaking down the process
If we were to embark on a similar process, here are some steps which might be involved.
1) Community education, consultation and networking
To write an effective plan and to bring the community on board we would need to embark on a dual education and consultation process. This might involve film screenings, or presentations on Peak Oil in the local context, followed by facilitated sessions of feedback and ideas. Groups to approach might include various ethnic and religious groups through neighborhood houses and churches, industry groups such as health professionals, food workers, community workers, teachers, police, etc, and any other interest groups we can think of, including of course, council. It should also include public events. This represents a large effort.
But what an amazing process – by the end we could be the most connected group in the region, with a remarkable sense of the character of the local communities, and probably a lot of new friends from each! We’ll need their support, energy and ideas to make it really happen.
2) Research
Food mapping, researching wind flows, solar radiation, incomes, local skills, current energy mix and vulnerability, existing groups and their potential to aid organisation etc. etc. We need to audit the region as best we can, to figure out what skills and resources and opportunities are available and what are lacking. This step could happen simultaneously with step 1 and inform the consultation and education process. Creating a better sense of posibilities means inspiring as many projects as early as possible. So hopefully this is a dynamic process!
3) Community projects and having fun
Building on the ground projects, community exposure and trust. Finding fun ways of building skills and investing in the future. Like the permablitz concept, community gardens, community skills education, and where ever your interest or opportunities may lie. We should tie in with existing efforts and networks, and get inspired to start new ones. The EDAP might seem to be just a piece of paper, a plan. But the process of creating it must also a process for tying our efforts together, working on some publicly appreciated projects, testing our own abilities, and learning first hand what is possible. These are the practical projects which get people interested and inspired. They make this awkward acronym begin to filled with meaning. For the plan to have support there must be the base in reality and community support these projects lead to.
4) Producing the plan
Creating a visionary but grounded document condensing all the best of the feedback and our own, no doubt brilliant, ideas. Editing it into a cohesive whole.
5) Gaining council support
By this stage we should be unstoppable and any council which resists would be foolish indeed! But a strategic approach to gaining support would be well advised. In addition to Catherine Dunne’s reflections on Kinsale mentioned above, check out the many reflections on a successful attempt in San Francisco to get the city to recognise and support mitigation efforts about peak oil at Global Public Media, and David Room’s (also US focussed) practical guide, How to Pass a Peak Oil Resolution. Council support and advice will be necessary throughout the process, and council should have a sense of joint ownership over the project.
6) Implementation
An essential factor in whether or not we can have a relatively successful preparation and adaptation to Peak Oil, will be whether or not the community has a sense of excitement and agency in the process. How do we facilitate this exactly? Awards and prizes, continuing consultations, newsletters, inter-community activities such as permaculture backyard blitzes … really, I don’t know, but a lot of potential for creativity. The plan really doesn’t have to be followed step-by-step, its value is showing us that a prosperous post-peak community is possible. But it will be a reference point, and stimulous to a great many outcomes.
Structures, partners and funding?
How could such a project be organised and funded? Questions I’m not particularly good at answering! I imagine that a fairly close knit crew of 3-4 people with complimentary skills and styles and a good working relationship would be a good number to handle central organisational and editorial tasks. But the project would need to involve a great deal many more people than that at various levels, with similarly small crews formed for the purpose – or partner organisations – handling the various sections of the plan. Small goals must be set along the way. Plus we may need people acting as facilitators, researchers, translators, fundraisers and in other roles. Does a project like this need to be associated with an incorporated body? Can it work under the auspices of another incorporated group? What partner organisations can take on responsibilities? Eg. renewable energy and conservation organisations, sustainable transport advocates, green urban planners and architects, etc. It would help if whoever is approached has or gains a solid foundation in the problem of Peak Oil, and a can take an holistic approach to design. An understanding of permaculture design principles or natural ability to think in similar ways would be a plus. Writers of the plan do not need to be relevant professionals, indeed an amateur’s fresh eyes and ideas may indeed turn out to be a plus.
Many questions to answer!
But also an inexorable drive onward… onward… to suburban glory.
Now what?
Thanks for making it this far. I hope that these ideas excite you.
If you live in Melbourne you should most definitely get in contact. (If you don’t, you could check out the Post Carbon Institute’s Relocalisation Network which might list any existing groups in your area.) We’ve got a chance here to avert the worst case scenarios, create something of beauty, strength and character, and have a lot of fun in the process.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Editorial Notes ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Updated 31 Jan 2007 (added step 3)
Rob Hopkins has been working on Transition Town Totnes, learning from Kinsale and pushing the community engagement process much further.
See: TransitionTowns.org
And: 10 First Steps for a Transition Town Initiative
-AF
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Original article available here.
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